Pharos Project : Materials : Common Ingredients: Vitreous Glazes (unleaded)

Common Ingredients: Vitreous Glazes (unleaded)

Representative Manufacturers

Used in Product Categories: Tile Components, Sanitary Ware Components , Tiles, Sanitary Ware, Flooring, Ceramic Floor Tiles, Toilet Tanks, One Piece Toilets & Toilet Bowls, Toilet Seats

Content status: Sufficient Content Record

Description:

Vitreous glazes seal clay-based ceramic products and provide a shiny and smooth surface. This glass-like coating can be transparent, colored or opaque, and can prevent water from being absorbed into the clay beneath.

Vitreous glazes are mixtures of minerals, clays, and frits (which in turn are primarily metal oxides, blended and smelted).

"Base glaze formulations usually contain frits of different nature in varying proportions (30-60%), and other non-fritted constituents (usually crystalline aggregates) of very different natures and characteristics, in accordance with the targeted final glaze properties. Some of these constituents such as feldspars, nephelines, and zinc oxide contribute together with the frits to forming the glassy matrix of the glze. Others, however, like zirconium silicate and corundum hardly dissolve in the glassy phase. Their function is to enhance glaze abrasion resistance to a certain extent, besides acting as opacifying (zirconium (IV) silicate) or matting agents (aluminum oxide)." (Esmalglass)

In 1997, EPA noted, “Basic carbonate white lead has been the preferred leaded glaze ceramic manufacture for hundreds of years… However, white lead and other lead oxides are more soluble than other forms of lead, and because the lead leaches out over time, they are being phased out by the industry. The ceramics industry is addressing this solubility problem by adding lead to glaze in frit form.” (EPA 1997 - lead.pdf ) Since then, the use of lead oxides in frits has also declined.

Some floor and wall tile manufacturers do not use lead oxide or other lead substances in glazes.

This record for vitreous glazes evaluates mixtures that do not contain lead.

Glazes account for approximately 1-6% of the overall tile, depending upon the application (Industrieverband Keramishche EPD, Sectoral Life Cycle Analysis of Ceramic Tile, Comparative Life Cycle Anlaysis of Flooring Materials). Typically, wall tiles have greater glaze content than floor tiles, however that can vary by manufacturer.

This percentage can be higher in sanitaryware. One industry source estimates a toilet and tank combination can contain 6.5 lbs of glaze (American Standard patent).

Direct Content Hazards:

REPRODUCTIVE	EU - Annex VI CMRs - Reproductive Toxicity - Category 1B - from Boric Oxide EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H360FD - May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child - from Boric Oxide EU - REACH Annex XVII CMRs - Toxic to Reproduction Category 2 - Substances which should be regarded as if they impair fertility or cause Developmental Toxicity in humans - from Boric Oxide EU - SVHC Authorisation List - Toxic to reproduction - Prioritized for listing - from Boric Oxide Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 1B - from Boric Oxide Korea - GHS - Reproductive toxicity - Category 1 [H360 - May damage fertility or the unborn child] - from Boric Oxide Australia - GHS - H360Fd - May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child - from Boric Oxide Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 2 - from ZINC OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H360 - Suspected of / May damage fertility and/or the unborn child (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 8
PERSISTENT	EC - CEPA DSL - Persistent - from ALUMINUM OXIDE
CANCER	MAK - Carcinogen Group 3B - Evidence of carcinogenic effects but not sufficient for classification - from KAOLIN CLAY US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (1986) Group D - Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity - from ZINC COMPOUNDS US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (1999) Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential - from BORON COMPOUNDS US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (2005) Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential - from ZINC COMPOUNDS EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H350 - May cause cancer (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H351 - Suspected of causing cancer (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 5
RESPIRATORY	AOEC - Asthmagens - Asthmagen (Rs) - sensitizer-induced - from ALUMINUM OXIDE AOEC - Asthmagens - Suspected asthmagen (R) - but does not meet AOEC criteria) - from ZINC COMPOUNDS	+ 1
EYE IRRITATION	Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 2A - from Boric Oxide New Zealand - GHS - 6.4A - Irritating to the eye (Cat. 2A) - from Boric Oxide EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H318 - Causes serious eye damage (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H319 - Causes serious eye irritation (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 3
ORGAN TOXICANT	Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 1 - from ZINC OXIDE New Zealand - GHS - 6.9A (inhalation) - Toxic to human target organs or systems (Cat. 1) - from FELDSPAR Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following repeated exposure - Category 1 - from ALUMINUM OXIDE Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 3 - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H335 - May cause respiratory irritation (unverified) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H370 - Causes damage to organs (unverified) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H372 - Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (unverified) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 7
ACUTE AQUATIC	EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life - from ZINC OXIDE Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 1 - from ZINC OXIDE Malaysia - GHS - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life - from ZINC OXIDE New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (algal) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment - from ZINC OXIDE New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (crustacean) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment - from ZINC OXIDE New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (fish) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment - from ZINC OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 6
CHRON AQUATIC	Malaysia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects - from ZINC OXIDE EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects - from ZINC OXIDE Australia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects - from ZINC OXIDE Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 1 - from ZINC OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 6
MAMMALIAN	US EPA - OPP - Registered Pesticides - FIFRA Registered Pesticide - from KAOLIN CLAY EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H301 - Toxic if swallowed (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H302 - Harmful if swallowed (unverified) - from Boric Oxide EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H312 - Harmful in contact with skin (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H331 - Toxic if inhaled (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H332 - Harmful if inhaled (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 5
SKIN IRRITATION	New Zealand - GHS - 6.3A - Irritating to the skin (Cat. 2) - from Boric Oxide
TERRESTRIAL	New Zealand - GHS - 9.3C - Harmful to terrestrial vertebrates - from ZINC OXIDE
RESTRICTED LIST	US EPA - DfE SCIL - Yellow Triangle - best available in class but some hazard profile issues - from Boric Oxide CA SCP - Candidate Chemicals - Candidate Chemical List - from Boric Oxide CPA - Chemical Footprint - CFP EU Candidate SVHC List - from Boric Oxide CPA - Chemical Footprint - CoHC List (non SVHC) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE GSPI - Six Classes of Problematic Chemicals - Antimicrobials - from Antimicrobials in GSPI's 6 Classes MDH - Chemicals of High Concern and Priority Chemicals - Chemicals of High Concern - from Boric Oxide	+ 5
MULTIPLE	Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effects - from KAOLIN CLAY Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2B - Toxic material causing other toxic effects - from Boric Oxide ChemSec - SIN List - CMR - Carcinogen, Mutagen &/or Reproductive Toxicant - from Boric Oxide EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic in the Environment - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic to Humans (iT human) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 1 - Low Hazard to Waters - from Boric Oxide German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 2 - Hazard to Waters - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 6
DEVELOPMENTAL	MAK - Pregnancy Risk Group D - from ALUMINUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H361 - Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	+ 1
GENE MUTATION	EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H341 - Suspected of causing genetic defects (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)
SKIN SENSITIZE	EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H317 - May cause an allergic skin reaction (unverified) - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)
POSITIVE LIST	German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Non-Hazardous to Water (Water Hazard Class 0 NWG) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE US EPA - DfE SCIL - Green Circle - Verified Low Concern - from KAOLIN CLAY	+ 1

Potential Residual Hazards:

See Process Chemistry Research tab for details on residuals and other substances used in manufacture.

CANCER	CA EPA - Prop 65 - Carcinogen - from ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE IARC - Group 1 - Agent is Carcinogenic to humans MAK - Carcinogen Group 1 - Substances that cause cancer in man US CDC - Occupational Carcinogens - Occupational Carcinogen US NIH - Report on Carcinogens - Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogen CA EPA - Prop 65 - Carcinogen - specific to chemical form or exposure route EU - Annex VI CMRs - Carcinogen Category 2 - Suspected human Carcinogen EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H351 - Suspected of causing cancer IARC - Group 2B - Possibly carcinogenic to humans IARC - Group 2B - Possibly carcinogenic to humans - inhaled from occupational sources MAK - Carcinogen Group 3B - Evidence of carcinogenic effects but not sufficient for classification MAK - Carcinogen Group 4 - Non-genotoxic carcinogen with low risk under MAK/BAT levels Australia - GHS - H350i - May cause cancer by inhalation Japan - GHS - Carcinogenicity - Category 1A Japan - GHS - Carcinogenicity - Category 1B New Zealand - GHS - 6.7A - Known or presumed human carcinogens Australia - GHS - H351 - Suspected of causing cancer Japan - GHS - Carcinogenicity - Category 2 Korea - GHS - Carcinogenicity - Category 2 [H351 - Suspected of causing cancer] New Zealand - GHS - 6.7B - Suspected human carcinogens IARC - Group 3 - Agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H350 - May cause cancer (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H351 - Suspected of causing cancer (unverified)	+ 22
DEVELOPMENTAL	CA EPA - Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity - from LITHIUM CARBONATE MAK - Pregnancy Risk Group C MAK - Pregnancy Risk Group D	+ 2
REPRODUCTIVE	EU - Annex VI CMRs - Reproductive Toxicity - Category 1B - from Boric Oxide EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H360FD - May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child EU - REACH Annex XVII CMRs - Toxic to Reproduction Category 2 - Substances which should be regarded as if they impair fertility or cause Developmental Toxicity in humans EU - SVHC Authorisation List - Toxic to reproduction - Prioritized for listing Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 1A Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 1B Korea - GHS - Reproductive toxicity - Category 1 [H360 - May damage fertility or the unborn child] New Zealand - GHS - 6.8A - Known or presumed human reproductive or developmental toxicants Australia - GHS - H360Fd - May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 2 EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H360 - Suspected of / May damage fertility and/or the unborn child (unverified)	+ 10
PERSISTENT	EC - CEPA DSL - Persistent - from ALUMINUM OXIDE US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - High environmental persistence - TSCA Criteria met US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - Low environmental persistence - TSCA Criteria met	+ 2
ENDOCRINE	TEDX - Potential Endocrine Disruptors - Potential Endocrine Disruptor - from Titanium dioxide
GENE MUTATION	Japan - GHS - Germ cell mutagenicity - Category 2 - from QUARTZ EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H341 - Suspected of causing genetic defects (unverified)	+ 1
RESPIRATORY	AOEC - Asthmagens - Asthmagen (Rs) - sensitizer-induced - from ALUMINUM OXIDE
EYE IRRITATION	Australia - GHS - H318 - Causes serious eye damage - from CALCIUM OXIDE Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 1 New Zealand - GHS - 8.3A - Corrosive to ocular tissue (Cat. 1) Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 2A Australia - GHS - H319 - Causes serious eye irritation New Zealand - GHS - 6.4A - Irritating to the eye (Cat. 2A) Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 2 Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 2B EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H318 - Causes serious eye damage (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H319 - Causes serious eye irritation (unverified)	+ 9
SKIN IRRITATION	EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage - from PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE Australia - GHS - H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage Japan - GHS - Skin corrosion / irritation - Category 1 Korea - GHS - Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 1 [H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage] New Zealand - GHS - 8.2B - Corrosive to dermal tissue (Cat. 1B) New Zealand - GHS - 8.2C - Corrosive to dermal tissue (Cat. 1C) Japan - GHS - Skin corrosion / irritation - Category 2 Australia - GHS - H315 - Causes skin irritation New Zealand - GHS - 6.3A - Irritating to the skin (Cat. 2) New Zealand - GHS - 6.3B - Mildly irritating to the skin EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H315 - Causes skin irritation (unverified)	+ 11
SKIN SENSITIZE	Japan - GHS - Skin sensitizer - Category 1 - from ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE
ORGAN TOXICANT	Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 1 - from BARIUM OXIDE, ANHYDROUS New Zealand - GHS - 6.9A (inhalation) - Toxic to human target organs or systems (Cat. 1) New Zealand - GHS - 6.9A (oral) - Toxic to human target organs or systems (Cat. 1) Australia - GHS - H372 - Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following repeated exposure - Category 1 Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 2 New Zealand - GHS - 6.9B (inhalation) - Harmful to human target organs or systems (Cat. 2) Australia - GHS - H335 - May cause respiratory irritation Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 3 EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H335 - May cause respiratory irritation (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H370 - Causes damage to organs (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H371 - May cause damage to organs (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H372 - Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (unverified)	+ 13
ACUTE AQUATIC	EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life - from ZINC OXIDE Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 1 Malaysia - GHS - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 2 Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 3 New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (algal) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (crustacean) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (fish) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment New Zealand - GHS - 9.1D (algal) - Slightly harmful in the aquatic environment or are otherwise designed for biocidal action New Zealand - GHS - 9.1D (crustacean) - Slightly harmful in the aquatic environment or are otherwise designed for biocidal action New Zealand - GHS - 9.1D (fish) - Slightly harmful in the aquatic environment or are otherwise designed for biocidal action	+ 10
CHRON AQUATIC	Malaysia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects - from ZINC OXIDE Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 4 EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Australia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 1 Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 2 Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 3 EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects (unverified)	+ 8
MAMMALIAN	EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H302 - Harmful if swallowed - from BARIUM CARBONATE Japan - GHS - Acute toxicity (inhalation: dust, mist) - Category 2 Korea - GHS - Acute toxicity (inhalation) - Category 2 [H330 - Fatal if inhaled] Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D1A - Very toxic material causing immediate and serious toxic effects Japan - GHS - Acute toxicity (oral) - Category 3 Australia - GHS - H302 - Harmful if swallowed Japan - GHS - Acute toxicity (oral) - Category 4 New Zealand - GHS - 6.1D (oral) - Acutely toxic Japan - GHS - Acute toxicity (oral) - Category 5 US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - Acute mammallian toxicity - TSCA Criteria met Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D1B - Toxic material causing immediate and serious toxic effects US EPA - OPP - Registered Pesticides - FIFRA Registered Pesticide EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H301 - Toxic if swallowed (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H302 - Harmful if swallowed (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H330 - Fatal if inhaled (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H331 - Toxic if inhaled (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H332 - Harmful if inhaled (unverified)	+ 16
TERRESTRIAL	New Zealand - GHS - 9.3B - Ecotoxic to terrestrial vertebrates - from LITHIUM CARBONATE New Zealand - GHS - 9.3C - Harmful to terrestrial vertebrates	+ 1
FLAMMABLE	Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class B4 - Flammable solids - from FERROUS OXIDE
REACTIVE	Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class E - Corrosive materials - from CALCIUM OXIDE EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H271 - May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidiser (unverified) EU - Manufacturer REACH hazard submissions - H290 - May be corrosive to metals (unverified)	+ 2
RESTRICTED LIST	US EPA - DfE SCIL - Yellow Triangle - best available in class but some hazard profile issues - from Boric Oxide BIFMA - e3/level Annex B list of chemicals - V3 2014 Substance of Concern List CA SCP - Candidate Chemicals - Candidate Chemical List CPA - Chemical Footprint - CFP EU Candidate SVHC List CPA - Chemical Footprint - CoHC List (non SVHC) MDH - Chemicals of High Concern and Priority Chemicals - Chemicals of High Concern ME DEP - Chemicals of High Concern and Priority Chemicals - Chemicals of High Concern P+W - Precautionary List - Precautionary list of flame retardants SCHF - Hazardous 100 - Chemicals of high concern US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - Chemicals Removed or Consolidated from TSCA Work Plan Chemicals US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - TSCA Work Plan chemical – no action planned	+ 10
MULTIPLE	Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effects - from ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2B - Toxic material causing other toxic effects ChemSec - SIN List - CMR - Carcinogen, Mutagen &/or Reproductive Toxicant EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic in the Environment EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic to Humans (iT human) German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 1 - Low Hazard to Waters German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 2 - Hazard to Waters ChemSec - SIN List - Equivalent Concern	+ 7
BIOACCUMULATIVE	US EPA - PPT Chemical Action Plans - Low bioaccumulation potential - TSCA Criteria met - from BARIUM CARBONATE
POSITIVE LIST	German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Non-Hazardous to Water (Water Hazard Class 0 NWG) - from ALUMINUM OXIDE US EPA - DfE SCIL - Green Circle - Verified Low Concern	+ 1

Common Contents:

Material	% Wt. Part	% Wt. Whole	Hazard			GreenScreen	Renewable
Material	% Wt. Part	% Wt. Whole	Substance	Residual	Manufacturing	GreenScreen	Renewable
Frits, chemicals (unleaded)	30.00 - 62.00 %	30.00 - 62.00 %				LT-P1
[68476-25-5] FELDSPAR	20.00 - 30.00 %	20.00 - 30.00 %				LT-UNK
[37244-96-5] NEPHELINE SYENITE	10.00 - 30.00 %	10.00 - 30.00 %				LT-UNK
[1303-86-2] Boric Oxide	10.00 - 20.00 %	10.00 - 20.00 %				LT-1
[1332-58-7] KAOLIN CLAY	4.00 - 6.00 %	4.00 - 6.00 %				LT-UNK
[10101-52-7] Zirconium silicate	2.00 - 30.00 %	2.00 - 30.00 %				LT-UNK
[1344-28-1] ALUMINUM OXIDE	0.50 - 40.00 %	0.50 - 40.00 %				2
[1314-13-2] ZINC OXIDE	0.50 - 20.00 %	0.50 - 20.00 %				1

Process Chemistry - Known or Potential Residuals:

Material

Hazard

Type

Frequency

% Wt. Part

% Wt. Whole

Notes

Substance

Residual

Manufacturing

[1344-28-1] ALUMINUM OXIDE - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

Unknown

[1344-28-1] ALUMINUM OXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Integral (known)

37.40 - 39.60 %

Unknown

[1344-28-1] ALUMINUM OXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1317-70-0] Anatase titanium dioxide - from KAOLIN CLAY

Component

Integral

Unknown

[1309-64-4] ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent

0.12 - 0.88 %

Unknown

[513-77-9] BARIUM CARBONATE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1304-28-5] BARIUM OXIDE, ANHYDROUS - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

Unknown

[1304-28-5] BARIUM OXIDE, ANHYDROUS - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent

Unknown

[1303-86-2] Boric Oxide - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Occasional/Rare (known)

Unknown

[1305-78-8] CALCIUM OXIDE - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

0.70 - 1.40 %

Unknown

[1305-78-8] CALCIUM OXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Frequent (known)

0.00 - 0.20 %

Unknown

[12136-45-7] dipotassium oxide - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

0.10 - 0.70 %

Unknown

[12136-45-7] dipotassium oxide - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Integral (known)

44.40 - 45.70 %

Unknown

[12136-45-7] dipotassium oxide - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1345-25-1] FERROUS OXIDE - from FELDSPAR

Component

Frequent (known)

0.10 %

Unknown

[1345-25-1] FERROUS OXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Pollutant/ Contaminant

Integral (known)

0.40 - 0.80 %

Unknown

[12057-24-8] Lithium oxide - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1309-48-4] MAGNESIUM OXIDE - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

Unknown

[1309-48-4] MAGNESIUM OXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1309-48-4] MAGNESIUM OXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Frequent (known)

0.00 - 0.10 %

Unknown

[1314-56-3] PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Frequent (known)

0.00 - 0.30 %

Unknown

[14808-60-7] QUARTZ - from KAOLIN CLAY

Component

Integral (known)

1.00 %

Unknown

[7631-86-9] SILICA, AMORPHOUS - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[7631-86-9] SILICA, AMORPHOUS - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

60.70 - 68.30 %

Unknown

[7631-86-9] SILICA, AMORPHOUS - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Integral (known)

44.40 - 45.70 %

Unknown

[11126-22-0] Silica, vitreous - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

Unknown

[1313-59-3] SODIUM OXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

[1313-59-3] SODIUM OXIDE - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

3.00 - 9.80 %

Unknown

[1314-11-0] Strontium oxide - from FELDSPAR

Component

Integral (known)

Unknown

[18282-10-5] Tin Oxide - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

0.20 %

Unknown

[13463-67-7] Titanium dioxide - from KAOLIN CLAY

Pollutant/ Contaminant

Integral (known)

0.40 - 1.70 %

Unknown

[1314-13-2] ZINC OXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

0.50 - 30.00 %

Unknown

[1314-23-4] ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE - from Frits, chemicals (unleaded)

Component

Frequent (known)

Unknown

Process Chemistry - Other:

Material

Hazard

Type

Frequency

% Wt. Part

% Wt. Whole

Notes

Substance

Residual

Manufacturing

[21645-51-2] Alumina trihydrate - from ALUMINUM OXIDE

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[1318-16-7] BAUXITE - from ALUMINUM OXIDE

Reactant

Integral

Unknown

[10043-35-3] BORIC ACID - from Boric Oxide

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[1302-42-7] SODIUM ALUMINATE - from ALUMINUM OXIDE

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[1310-73-2] Sodium hydroxide - from ALUMINUM OXIDE

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[1313-59-3] SODIUM OXIDE - from KAOLIN CLAY

Reactant

Integral

0.06 - 0.10 %

Unknown

[1330-43-4] SODIUM TETRABORATE - from Boric Oxide

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[7664-93-9] SULFURIC ACID - from Boric Oxide

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[7440-66-6] ZINC - from ZINC OXIDE

Reactant

Frequent

Unknown

[1314-98-3] ZINC SULFIDE - from ZINC OXIDE

Reactant

Occasional/Rare

Unknown

[14940-68-2] Zircon (Zr(SiO4)) - from Zirconium silicate

Reactant

Integral

Unknown

GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals Full Assessment: None available

Highest concern GreenScreen score : Benchmark 1

Cradle to Cradle Certified™ List Hazards

What are C2C hazards and what do these colors mean?

How to Use These Scores in a C2C Assessment

				Acute and Chronic Tox.							Acute Aquatic Tox.				Chronic Aquatic Tox.
C	M	R+D	E	O	D	I	O/D/I	N	IrS+IrE	SnS+SnR	Fish	Inv.	Alg.	Any	Fish	Inv.	Alg.	Any	T	P	B	Climate	Organohalogen	Toxic Metal	Other	Mult
R	-	R	-	-	-	?	R	-	Y	R	?	?	?	R	-	-	-	R	?	R/Y	-	G	NL	NL	-	R

Full Hazard List By Endpoint:

Carcinogenicity	US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (1999) Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential: Red, Yellow, or Green MAK - Carcinogen Group 3B - Evidence of carcinogenic effects but not sufficient for classification: Red US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (1986) Group D - Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity: Red, Yellow, or Green US EPA - IRIS Carcinogens - (2005) Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential: Red, Yellow, or Green
Mutagenicity	not listed
Reproductive Toxicity (Repro + Dev)	MAK - Pregnancy Risk Group D: Red, Yellow, or Green Australia - GHS - H360Fd - May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child: Red EU - REACH Annex XVII CMRs - Toxic to Reproduction Category 2 - Substances which should be regarded as if they impair fertility or cause Developmental Toxicity in humans: Red Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 1B: Red Korea - GHS - Reproductive toxicity - Category 1 [H360 - May damage fertility or the unborn child]: Red EU - SVHC Authorisation List - Toxic to reproduction - Prioritized for listing: Not rated Japan - GHS - Toxic to reproduction - Category 2: Red
Endocrine Disruption	not listed
Oral Toxicity	not listed
Dermal Toxicity	not listed
Inhalative Toxicity	New Zealand - GHS - 6.9A (inhalation) - Toxic to human target organs or systems (Cat. 1): Not rated
Oral, Dermal, and/or Inhalative Toxicity	Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following repeated exposure - Category 1: Red Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 3: Green Japan - GHS - Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 1: Red
Neurotoxicity	not listed
Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Corrosion/Irritation	Japan - GHS - Serious eye damage / eye irritation - Category 2A: Yellow New Zealand - GHS - 6.3A - Irritating to the skin (Cat. 2): Not rated New Zealand - GHS - 6.4A - Irritating to the eye (Cat. 2A): Not rated
Skin and Respiratory Sensitization	AOEC - Asthmagens - Asthmagen (Rs) - sensitizer-induced: Red AOEC - Asthmagens - Suspected asthmagen (R) - but does not meet AOEC criteria): Not rated
Acute Aquatic Toxicity (Fish)	New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (fish) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment: Not rated
Acute Aquatic Toxicity (Invertibrates)	New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (crustacean) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment: Not rated
Acute Aquatic Toxicity (Algae)	New Zealand - GHS - 9.1A (algal) - Very ecotoxic in the aquatic environment: Not rated
Acute Aquatic Toxicity (Fish, Invertibrates, and/or Algae)	German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Non-Hazardous to Water (Water Hazard Class 0 NWG): Not rated EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life: Red Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 1: Red Malaysia - GHS - H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life: Red
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (Fish)	not listed
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (Invertibrates)	not listed
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (Algae)	not listed
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity (Fish, Invertibrates, and/or Algae)	Australia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects: Red EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects: Red Malaysia - GHS - H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects: Red Japan - GHS - Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 1: Not rated
Terrestrial	New Zealand - GHS - 9.3C - Harmful to terrestrial vertebrates: Not rated
Persistence	EC - CEPA DSL - Persistent: Red or Yellow
Bioaccumulation	not listed
Climatic Relevance	not listed
Organohalogen	not listed - This chemical is not on the Pharos list of organohalogens, but we may have missed a few. Please double-check the chemical structure to confirm there are no carbon-halogen bonds.
Toxic Metal	not listed - This chemical is not on the Pharos list of toxic metals, but we may have missed a few. Please double-check the chemical structure to confirm there are no toxic metals.
Other (Human Health)	not listed
Multiple Endpoints	EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic in the Environment: Red EC - CEPA DSL - Inherently Toxic to Humans (iT human): Red ChemSec - SIN List - CMR - Carcinogen, Mutagen &/or Reproductive Toxicant: Red EU - Annex VI CMRs - Reproductive Toxicity - Category 1B: Red EU - GHS (H-Statements) - H360FD - May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child: Red German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 1 - Low Hazard to Waters: Red Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2B - Toxic material causing other toxic effects: Red German FEA - Substances Hazardous to Waters - Class 2 - Hazard to Waters: Red Québec CSST - WHMIS 1988 - Class D2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effects: Red

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Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of flooring materials: ceramic versus marble tiles (2001)
Economic Impact Analysis of the Clay Ceramics Manufacturing NESHAP: Final Rule (EPA 2003)
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Industrieverband Keramische Fliesen und Platten e.V. Ceramic Tiles EPD
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North Carolina Geological Survey: "Feldspar"
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Economic Impact Analysis of the Clay Ceramics Manufacturing NESHAP: Final Rule, US Environmental Protection Agency, February 2003
Rio Tinto Minerals: "Borates in glazes and enamels" (undated)
Sectoral Life Cycle Analysis of Ceramic Tile
Torrecid Group - Czech Republic product page
US AID: "Privatization and Technical Assistance Program for the Kardzhali Region of Bulgaria" (1996)
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